384,062, This story has been shared 181,454 times. [116][117], In an interview published in Berliner Tageblatt on 4 May 1915, Talat Pasha acknowledged that when Armenians were deported, no distinction was made between "guilty" and "innocent" Armenians, because "one who was still innocent today could be guilty tomorrow". [258], No Turkish government has acknowledged that a crime was committed against the Armenian people[260][261][262] and all major political parties in Turkey except the Peoples' Democratic Party support Armenian Genocide denial. [294][295], After meeting Armenian survivors in the Middle East, Austrian–Jewish writer Franz Werfel wrote The Forty Days of Musa Dagh (1933), a fictionalized retelling of the successful Armenian uprising in Musa Dagh, as a warning of the dangers of Nazism. Français: Voici l'évolution des frontières de l'Arménie lors de la guerre arméno-turque en 1920. [136] Perpetrators had a variety of motives, including ideology, revenge, desire for Armenian property, and careerism. [165] There were 25 concentration camps in Syria and Upper Mesopotamia. The rivers remained polluted long after the massacres, and Arab populations downstream were affected by epidemics. In the Republic of Turkey, about 100,000 Armenians lived in Constantinople and another 200,000 lived in the provinces, largely women who had been forcibly converted or married and adopted children. [122] A loosely organized, Armenian-led resistance network based in Aleppo succeeded in helping many deportees, saving Armenian lives. [243][244][245] In 1920, Turkish general Kâzım Karabekir invaded Armenia with orders "to eliminate Armenia physically and politically". Unlike in the Hamidian massacres or Adana events, massacres were usually not committed in the Armenian villages, to avoid destruction of property or unauthorized looting. [132] In August 1915, deportation was extended to western Asia Minor and European Turkey; these deportees were often allowed to travel by rail. Armenia claims a Turkish F-16 shot down an Armenian fighter jet, though officials from Azerbaijan and Turkey have denied that. We've received your submission. [119] On 23 May, he ordered the deportation of the entire Armenian millet to Deir ez-Zor, beginning with the northeastern provinces. [14] Armenians were a minority in most parts of the empire, living alongside their Turkish, Kurdish, and Greek Orthodox neighbors. Historians generally have explained (or excused) the Turkish deportations and massacres of the Armenians during the First World War as the result of conflicting ideologies, religious or nationalist; as the understandable and justified response of the Young Turk triumvirate to Armenian subversion in time of war; or as a long-planned elimination of non-Turks in Anatolia to create a national homeland for the Turkish people. [172] By October 1915, some 870,000 deportees had reached Syria and Upper Mesopotamia. [35], In 1891, Abdul Hamid created the Hamidiye regiments from Kurdish tribes, allowing them to act with impunity against Armenians. [100] Any local incident or discovery of arms in the possession of Armenians was cited as evidence for a coordinated conspiracy against the empire. [237] Many supporters of the independence movement were perpetrators of the genocide or had profited from it, meaning that "a serious attempt to distance the republic from the genocide could have destabilized the ruling coalition on which the state depended for its stability", in the words of historian Erik-Jan Zürcher. Unprepared for the harsh winter conditions,[96] his forces were routed, losing more than 60,000 men. Its president, Ilham Aliyev, recently tweeted: “Armenia is not even a colony, it is not even worthy of being a servant.”. [112][113][114] The same day, Talat ordered the shuttering of all Armenian political organizations[115] and diverted the Armenians who had previously been removed from Alexandretta, Dörtyol, Adana, Hadjin, Zeytun, and Sis to the Syrian Desert, instead of the previously planned destination of central Asia Minor, where they would likely have survived. [133], Overall, national, regional, and local levels of governance, as well as power-brokers in the party, government, and army, cooperated willingly in the perpetration of genocide. [146] Thousands of Armenians were killed near Lake Hazar, pushed by paramilitary units off the cliffs into valleys from which the only escape was into the lake. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. [215], The 1920 Treaty of Sèvres awarded Armenia a large area in Eastern Asia Minor. [21] The Ottoman Land Code of 1858 disadvantaged Armenians and many now had to pay double taxation both to Kurdish landlords and the Ottoman government. Prior to World War II, the Armenian Genocide was widely considered the greatest atrocity in history. [305][306] Polish-Jewish lawyer Raphael Lemkin, who coined the term genocide in 1944, became interested in war crimes after reading about the 1921 trial of Soghomon Tehlirian for the assassination of Talat Pasha. [200] Suny states that "The twentieth century had not yet witnessed such a colossal loss of life directed at a particular people by a government. [95], Minister of War Enver Pasha took over command of the Ottoman armies for the invasion of Russian territory, and tried to encircle the Russian Caucasus Army at the Battle of Sarikamish, fought from December 1914 to January 1915. Armenian, Turkish and soldiers of other ethnic groups suffered tremendously because of the reckless decisions of the Young Turk junta to enter World War I … [27][28] To achieve improved conditions, a few Armenians joined revolutionary political parties, of which the most influential was the Dashnaktsutyun (Armenian Revolutionary Federation), founded in 1890. Ottoman soldiers did not protect Armenians and instead armed the rioters. Azerbaijani-Armenian War: Turkish F-16s Enter The Game. "[104], The province of Van descended into lawlessness by the end of 1914,[105] and massacres of Armenian men were occurring in the Başkale area from December. [189][191][192] Confiscation of Armenian assets continued into the second half of the twentieth century. The Armenian Genocide (other names) was the systematic mass murder and ethnic cleansing of around 1 million ethnic Armenians from Asia Minor and adjoining regions by the Ottoman Empire and its ruling party, the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), during World War I. [310] Almost all historians and scholars outside of Turkey, and an increasing number of Turkish scholars, recognize the destruction of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire as a genocide. [264][265], For decades, Turkish school textbooks did not mention Armenians as part of Ottoman history;[266][267] more recently, textbooks have acknowledged that Armenians were subjected to mass deportation, but claimed that this action was justified, emphasizing Armenian violence. [238] In February 1920, after capturing Marash, Kemalist forces massacred thousands of Armenian civilians. Raffi Hovannisian served as Armenia’s first minister of foreign affairs and helped negotiate peace talks among Armenia, Azerbaijan and Artsakh. [92] Armenian civil servants were dismissed from their posts in late 1914 and early 1915. [53], Abdul Hamid attempted an unsuccessful countercoup in early 1909, supported by conservatives and some liberals who opposed the CUP's increasingly repressive governance. The deportations were intended as a "definitive solution to the Armenian Question"[3] and to permanently forestall the possibility of Armenian autonomy or independence. Turkish–Armenian War (1920) Turkey Russian SFSR: Defeat. [44] One faction of the Young Turks was the secret and revolutionary Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), based in Salonica, from which the charismatic conspirator Mehmed Talat (later Talat Pasha) emerged as a leading member. [122][123][124] Deportation was only carried out behind the front lines, where no active rebellion existed. [186] The genocide had catastrophic effects on the Ottoman economy; Muslims were disadvantaged by the deportation of skilled professionals and entire districts fell into famine following their farmers' deportation. [34] Although Armenians had been called the "loyal millet" in contrast to Greeks and others who had previously challenged Ottoman rule, after 1878 Armenians became perceived as subversive and ungrateful. [75] When parts of Eastern Thrace were reoccupied by the Ottoman Empire during the Second Balkan War in mid-1913, local Greeks, and Armenians—who had not fought against the empire—were subjected to looting and intimidation. [11] The millet system institutionalized the inferiority of non-Muslims, but granted the Armenians significant autonomy. Around 100,000 to 200,000 Armenian women and children were forcibly converted to Islam and integrated into Muslim households. Armenian President Armen Sarkissian said that Turkey has been assisting Azerbaijan in its war against the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic with advisers, mercenaries and even F-16 fighter jets. Turkish-Armenian War was a war in which East Turkey tried to take the territory of Armenia (that was still shaken by the war with Azerbaijan). Pages in category "Turkish–Armenian War". [166] In late 1915, the camps around Aleppo were liquidated and the survivors were forced to march to Ras al-Ayn; the camps around Ras al-Ayn were closed in early 1916 and the survivors sent to Deir ez-Zor. [269][311], Systematic killing of Armenians residing in the Ottoman Empire during WWI, hundreds of Armenian intellectuals and community leaders, denies that the deportation of Armenians was a genocide or wrongful act, Confiscation of Armenian properties in Turkey, Talat Pasha's estimates, published in 2007, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, military ally of the Ottoman Empire during World War I, 100,000 Armenians lived in Constantinople, may have at least one Armenian grandparent, have recognized and condemned the genocide, 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, officially recognize the Armenian Genocide, "The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916)", "The Implications of Turkey's Renewed War on the Kurds", "Mouradian on Dixon, 'Dark Pasts: Changing the State's Story in Turkey and Japan, "Only 9 Percent of Turks say Armenian Killings Genocide: Poll", "Armenian genocide: US recognition of Turkey's killing of 1.5 million was tangled up in decades of geopolitics", "Countries that Recognize the Armenian Genocide", Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide, "Earth, Fire, Water: or How to Make the Armenian Corpses Disappear", NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, "State Identity, Continuity, and Responsibility: The Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey and the Armenian Genocide", "Recognition of the Armenian Genocide after its Centenary: A Comparative Analysis of Changing Parliamentary Positions", "The Armenian Genocide and the Ruse of Protective Dispossession", Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings, Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers, Association for Defence of National Rights, Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial Bombings, How happy is the one who says I am a Turk, Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_Genocide&oldid=1017131989, Persecution of Christians in the Ottoman Empire, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 11 April 2021, at 00:49. [23][24][25] In 1876, when Abdul Hamid II came to power, the state began to confiscate Armenian-owned land in the eastern provinces and give it to Muslim immigrants, as part of a systematic policy to reduce the Armenian population of these areas. peasantry, soldiers, and laborers) to rise to the middle class. Scattered among these ancient mountains are the debris of Syrian mercenaries, Israeli drones, Turkish helicopters and Russian bombs, all exploding out into an unpredictable regional war. In 1994, with Armenians in control of Artsakh, a cease-fire was brokered. [138] Some Ottoman politicians opposed the genocide; they faced dismissal or assassination. Massacres and ethnic cleansing of Armenian survivors were carried out by the Turkish nationalist movement during the Turkish war of independence after World War I. [209], As the British army advanced in 1917 and 1918 northwards through the Levant, they liberated around 100,000 to 150,000 Armenians working for the Ottoman military under absymbal conditions, not including those forcibly converted and held captive by Arab tribes. “We support the friendly and fraternal Azerbaijan in every way possible,” he said. With the rise of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and his Justice and Development Party, Turkey descended into dictatorship and xenophobia. [124] In order to preserve families, older women would give away their food to younger family members and mothers would give away their daughters before their sons. Erdogan didn’t attempt to hide this. [223] Eighteen perpetrators were sentenced to death, of whom only three were ultimately executed as the remainder had fled and were tried in absentia. [222] The court ruled that "the crime of mass murder" of Armenians was "organized and carried out by the top leaders of CUP". [298] The first feature film about the Armenian Genocide, Ravished Armenia, was released in 1919 as a fundraiser for Near East Relief, based on the account of survivor Aurora Mardiganian, who played herself. [291] In late 2019, in the wake of the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, both houses of United States Congress voted to officially recognize the Armenian Genocide, soon thereafter passing sanctions against Turkey. [220] The court-martials relied almost entirely on documentary evidence and sworn testimony from Muslims. [70] CUP leaders such as Talat and Enver Pasha came to blame non-Muslim population concentrations in strategic areas for many of the empire's problems, concluding by mid-1914 that they were "internal tumors" to be excised. [29], Abdul Hamid suspended the 1876 Constitution of the Ottoman Empire the following year after parliamentarians criticized his handling of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. When Armenia declared independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, I served as the new republic’s first foreign minister and had the privilege to launch diplomatic relations with the nations of the world and negotiate Armenia’s accession to the United Nations and other international organizations. [178] More than 200,000 Armenians were killed between March and October 1916, often in remote areas near Deir ez-Zor and on parts of the Khabur valley, where their bodies would not create a public health hazard. The first transit camp was established at Sibil, east of Aleppo; one convoy would arrive each day while another would depart for Meskene or Deir ez-Zor. This story has been shared 181,454 times. [279], On 24 April 1965, the fiftieth anniversary of the genocide, a hundred thousand Armenians protested in Yerevan and other Armenians demonstrated across the world in favor of recognition of the genocide and annexing land from Turkey. 181,454, © 2021 NYP Holdings, Inc. All Rights Reserved Its minority protection provisions had no enforcement mechanism and were disregarded in practice. [277] The country set up multiple agencies to counter Armenian claims about the genocide. [145] By such marriages or adoptions, Muslim families were entitled to the Armenian family's property. [36][33] From 1895 to 1896 the empire saw widespread massacres; at least 100,000 Armenians were killed[37][38] by Ottoman soldiers, crowds incited to violence, and Kurdish tribes.

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