Charles Maurras, a monarchist writer and founder of the Action Française movement, judged that Pétain's accession to power was, in that respect, a "divine surprise", and many people of his persuasion believed it preferable to have an authoritarian government similar to that of Francisco Franco's Spain, even if under Germany's yoke, than to have a republican government. Montrez que le régime de Vichy remet en cause des libertés. Of the remainder, the officers and NCOs (corporals and sergeants) were kept in camps but were exempt from forced labour. On 7 September 1944, following the Allied invasion of France, the remainders of the Vichy government cabinet fled to Germany and established a puppet government in exile in the so-called Sigmaringen enclave. "Ex-Vichy Aide Is Convicted And Reaction Ranges Wide", "Rentrée littéraire - Avec Pierre Assouline, Sigmaringen, c'est la vie de château ! Constituée d’environ 30 000 membres (dont 15 000 actifs), cette organisation paramilitaire a pour mission principale de lutter contre les mouvements « terroristes » de la Résistance. À la lecture des carnets de Jean Locquin, on peut se rendre compte que la population nivernaise sait des choses sans prendre la mesure des horreurs qui se déroulent à l’Est de … Created by. Finalement, le 9 août 1944, le Gouvernement Provisoire de la République française (GPRF), dirigé par le général de Gaulle, déclare nul et non avenu le Régime de Vichy, dispose que la « République n'a pas cessé d'exister » car incarnée par lui, et prend donc la di… Christofferson, Thomas R., and Michael S. Christofferson. [citation needed] Scholars such as Lucien Bonnafé, Patrick Tort, and Max Lafont have accused Carrel of responsibility for the execution of thousands of mentally ill or impaired patients under Vichy.[106]. Inasmuch as blanket rescission of all acts taken by Vichy (i.e., including measures that might have been taken by a legitimate republican government) was deemed impractical, though, the Order provided that acts not expressly noted as nullified in the Order were to continue to receive "provisional application". The historic change came in 1941–1942, with the pending German defeat on the Eastern Front. Le régime de Vichy est né de la défaite brutale de juin 1940 devant l’Allemagne nazie. When the provisional government of Charles de Gaulle moved to France after the Allied invasion of Normandy, it took over from a fascist regime in utter collapse. Living as outlaws in the countryside and aided by the country people and by supplies dropped by aircraft from Great Britain, they harassed German communications and transport in preparation for Allied landings. The largest number worked in the giant Krupp steel works in Essen. [130], Vichy rhetoric exalted the skilled labourer and small businessman. These were broken after Vichy expressed support for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. "Rescue of the Jews and the Resistance in France: From History to Historiography". They used every means available, promising ministerial posts to some while threatening and intimidating others. Le régime de Vichy est le nom donné au régime politique installé à Vichy qui a pris le nom officiel d’État français et a dirigé la France au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, du 10 juillet 1940 au mois … [138] French farm production fell by half because of lack of fuel, fertiliser and workers; even so the Germans seized half the meat, twenty percent of the produce, and two percent of the champagne. [72], A Vichy France plan to have Western Union build powerful transmitters on Saint Pierre and Miquelon in 1941 to enable private trans Atlantic communications was blocked following pressure by Roosevelt, then on 24 December 1941 Free French forces on three corvettes, supported by a submarine landed and seized control of Saint Pierre and Miquelon on orders from Charles de Gaulle without reference to any of the Allied commanders. "It was indeed France that organised this", Macron insisted, French police collaborating with the Nazis. Une prof fait un rappel sur la défaite de 1940 et le régime de Vichy. Historians have particularly debated the circumstances of the vote by the National Assembly of the Third Republic, granting full powers to Pétain on 10 July 1940. Thus, by July 1940, Vichy was eagerly negotiating with the German authorities in an attempt to gain a place for France in the Third Reich's "New Order". Philippe Pétain was charged with treason in July 1945. Le régime de Vichy, un régime antidémocratique. Some people—including German soldiers—benefited from the black market, where food was sold without tickets at very high prices. That rump government finally fell when the city was taken by the Allied French army in April 1945. Poids: 0.456 kg: Dimensions: 14 × 21 cm: Date de parution: 20/11/2020. The Allies discussed their general strategy for the war, and recognised joint leadership of North Africa by Giraud and de Gaulle. [citation needed], Whatever the Vichy government's intent initially or subsequently, the numerical outcome was that less than 15% of French Jews, vs. nearly twice that proportion of non-citizen Jews residing in France, died. President Roosevelt continued to cultivate Vichy, and promoted General Henri Giraud as a preferable alternative to de Gaulle, despite the poor performance of Vichy forces in North Africa—Admiral François Darlan had landed in Algiers the day before Operation Torch. Régime de Vichy (Dates importantes (1943 (STO , CNR), 25 août 1944…: Régime de Vichy (Dates importantes, collaboration avec l'Allemagne, Résistance, Révolution nationale, Quand ?, Où ?) Vichy France (July 1940–September 1944), France under the regime of Marshal Philippe Petain, from France’s defeat by Nazi Germany to its liberation by the Allies in World War II. The capture of Gabon by the Allies was crucial to ensure that the entire French Equatorial Africa was out of Axis reach. Vichy literature portrayed Joan as an archetypal virgin and Marianne as an archetypal whore. It used propaganda, women's organisations, and legislation to promote maternity, patriotic duty, and female submission to marriage, home, and children's education. These included German Jews and anti-fascists, but any German citizen (or other Axis national) could also be interned in Camp Gurs and others. [134], Nazi Germany kept French POWs as forced labourers throughout the war. This first choice having failed, they turned to Henri Giraud shortly before the landing in North Africa on 8 November 1942. German Air Force (Luftwaffe) and Italian Air Force (Regia Aeronautica) aircraft, staging through the French possession of Syria, intervened in the fighting in small numbers. All members had to be volunteers. Historians have since the 1970s rejected that position and argued, "Vichy had a political agenda of its own, which it pursued without the slightest pressure from Germany. Giraud took part in the Casablanca conference, with Roosevelt, Churchill, and de Gaulle, in January 1943. On 11 November 1942, following the landing of the Allies in North Africa (Operation Torch), the Axis launched Operation Anton, occupying southern France and disbanding the strictly limited "Armistice Army" that Vichy had been allowed by the armistice. 2. Les prisons sont pleines et, de toute façon, aux mains de l’occupant. The session was dominated by Pierre...…, The obvious intent of the two armistices was to reduce France to utter subjection, primarily to Germany....…, …Pétain’s quasi-Fascist collaborationist regime at Vichy. [60] After the Mers el Kebir incident, the United Kingdom recognised Free France as the legitimate government of France. On 3 October 1940, the Vichy government voluntarily promulgated the first Statute on Jews, which created a special underclass of French Jewish citizens, and enforced, for the first time in France, racial segregation. Conservative Catholics became prominent and Paris lost its avant-garde status in European art and culture. Even though Darlan was now in the Allied camp, he maintained the repressive Vichy system in North Africa, including concentration camps in southern Algeria and racist laws. Gen. Charles de Gaulle, leader of the Free French movement, c. 1942. "At this time the Nazis had not yet decided to exterminate the Jews, but to expel them. The writer and Jewish internee Robert Aron estimated the popular executions to a number of 40,000 in 1960. 18 juin 1940. Vichy authorities were strongly opposed to "modern" social trends and tried through "national regeneration" to restore behaviour more in line with traditional Catholicism. The Germans did not.[42]. Le Régime de Vichy > Chronologie indicative > Chronologie du régime de Vichy. [19] It was asserted that just as the defeat of the Gauls in the 52 BC Battle of Alesia had been the moment in French history when a sense of common nationhood was born, the defeat of 1940 would again unify the nation. They maintain that Vichy was an illegal government run by traitors, having come to power through an unconstitutional coup d'état. They were used by the Gestapo on various raids, among them the August 1941 raid in the 11th arrondissement of Paris, which resulted in 3,200 foreign and 1,000 French Jews being interned in various camps, including Drancy. Algiers was headquarters of the Vichy French XIX Army Corps, which controlled Vichy military units in North Africa. New Caledonia contributed personnel both to the Bataillon du Pacifique and to the Free French Naval Forces that saw action in the Pacific and Indian Ocean. [73], French Guiana on the northern coast of South America, removed its Vichy supporting government on 22 March 1943,[74] shortly after eight allied ships were sunk by a German submarine off the coast of Guiana,[75] and the arrival of American troops by air on 20 March. Pétain doit se résoudre à ce que le nouveau gouvernement et l'Assemblée nationalese tran… [109], Alexis Carrel had also taken an active part to a symposium in Pontigny organised by Jean Coutrot, the "Entretiens de Pontigny". [citation needed]. "[note 2] On 22 June 1942, Laval declared that he was "hoping for the victory of Germany". Papon's career was considered more scandalous as he had been responsible, during his function as prefect of police of Paris, for the 1961 Paris massacre of Algerians during the war, and was forced to resign from this position after the "disappearance", in Paris in 1965, of the Moroccan anti-colonialist leader Mehdi Ben Barka. By mid-June, the military situation of the French was dire, and it was apparent that the French had lost. There had been no convoy from Drancy in December and January, and [SS Lieutenant Heinz] Röthke was pressuring Knochen to resume them. Des résistances à une résistance. It raised the prospect of Frenchmen shooting at Frenchmen, raising fears of a civil war. Officially directed by Pierre Laval himself, the SOL was led by Darnand, who held an SS rank and pledged an oath of loyalty to Adolf Hitler. The official ration provided starvation level diets of one thousand thirteen or fewer calories a day, supplemented by home gardens and, especially, black market purchases. La III e République cesse de fait d’exister le 10 juillet 1940 avec le vote des pleins pouvoirs au maréchal Pétain. The French regarded this as a "dishonorable" term since it would require France to hand over persons who had entered France seeking refuge from Germany. The Vichy Régime wanted to bring France back to its old glory by advocating a return the the soil, to the ‘true’ values that France had forgotten with time. Thus, when Knochen reported that there were 2,159 French citizens among the 3,811 prisoners at Drancy on 21 January 1943, he also asked Eichmann for permission to deport them. Le régime de Vichy a lieu de 1940 à 1944. Vichy France (French: Régime de Vichy) is the common name of the French State (État français) headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.It was an independent ally of Nazi Germany until late 1942 when Berlin took full control. En 1944, les forces alliées débarquent en France (en Normandie et dans le Sud-Est) et progressent rapidement. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Vichy-France, University of Oxford - Faculty of History - Jewish Groups in Vichy France. After the assassination of Darlan on 24 December 1942, Washington turned again towards Henri Giraud, to whom had rallied Maurice Couve de Murville, who had financial responsibilities in Vichy, and Lemaigre-Dubreuil, a former member of La Cagoule and entrepreneur, as well as Alfred Pose, general director of the Banque nationale pour le commerce et l'industrie (National Bank for Trade and Industry). Examples of these are Parti Populaire Français (PPF) leader Jacques Doriot, writer Robert Brasillach or Marcel Déat. [12][13][14] Diplomatic relations with Great Britain had been severed since 8 July 1940, after the Attack on Mers-el-Kébir. They had not been deported because, until January 1943, there had usually been enough foreigners and their children to fill the forty-three trains that had carried about 41,591 people to the east... By January 1943, foreign Jews were increasingly aware of the danger and difficult to find. [21], Summarising Pétain's speeches, the British historian Christopher Flood wrote that Pétain blamed la décadence on "political and economic liberalism, with its divisive, individualistic and hedonistic values—locked in sterile rivalry with its antithetical outgrowths, Socialism and Communism". [142] The Révolution Nationale official ideology fostered the patriarchal family, headed by a man with a subservient wife who was devoted to her many children. One Senator and 26 Deputies were on the Massilia. ), industrialists, fighters (LVF, etc.) Collaborationists were brought to the Vélodrome d'hiver, Fresnes prison or the Drancy internment camp. The Armistice required France to turn over any German citizens within the country upon German demand. Vichy became, at least superficially, a corporative state. "[123][124], Macron made a subtle reference to Chirac's remark when he added, "I say it again here. Vichy's ambition was doomed from the start. [160] Indeed, Vichy France eschewed the formal name of France ("French Republic") and styled itself the "French State", replacing the Republican motto of Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité (liberty, equality, fraternity) inherited from the 1789 French Revolution, with the motto Travail, Famille, Patrie (work, family, homeland). [40] Government and military leaders, deeply shocked by the débâcle, debated how to proceed. HMS Resolution was heavily damaged by torpedoes, and Free French troops landing at a beach south of the port were driven off by heavy fire.