il s'est réfugié dans le pays de ses bourreaux The Republic of the Congo has a wide variety of natural landscapes, ranging from the savannah plains in the North Niari flooded forests, to the vast Congo River, to rugged mountains and forest of Mayombe, and including 170 km of beaches along the Atlantic coast. Police officials said Saturday that Friday's attack took place near the Mindouli train station in the Pool region, 200 kilometers (124 miles) south of Brazzaville… Rather than seeking to make a feature film for distribution, generally filmmakers directly broadcast their productions as videos on the internet. During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958[15] and published its first constitution in 1959. As de Gaulle stated: The aims of France's civilizing mission preclude any thought of autonomy or any possibility of development outside the French empire. Sa défaite militaire actée, l’ex Président ne réussira plus à se relancer politiquement, d’autant que son parti est traversé par plusieurs courants divergents plusieurs cadres ayant opté d’intégrer les rangs du pouvoir. Il s’agit de Votre Code MediaCongo, unique à chaque utilisateur, et qui permet de faire la différence entre utilisateurs ayant le même Nom ou Pseudo. Cet ingénieur agronome est porté à la magistrature suprême de son pays à la faveur du retour au multipartisme au début de la décennie 1990. [24], Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997, when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the civil war. Public expenditure of the GDP was less in 2002–05 than in 1991. In the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. [9] The Republic of the Congo was established on 28 November 1958 and gained independence from France in 1960. The average yearly rainfall ranges from 1,100 millimetres (43 in) in the Niari Valley in the south to over 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in central parts of the country. [50] The country is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). [64] Public education is theoretically free and mandatory for under-16-year-olds[69] but, in practice, expenses exist. Your IP: 80.211.132.121 There are flights from Johannesburg by Interair on Mondays and Thursdays. ces impérialistes le payeront un jour. Sassou's regime has been hit by corruption revelations despite attempts to censor them. The best way to find a great deal on airfare is to search multiple sites. Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. De gemeente en het departement Brazzaville vallen sinds 2003 samen. Congolese singers have become known internationally: the Franco-Congolese rapper Passi's work is broadcast in France, and he has released several hit albums, such as Temptations, with the famous song "I zap and I mate." Brazzaville was founded by the French colonial empire upon an existing indigenous Bateke settlement called Ncuna, during the Scramble for Africa when European nations established spheres of influence on the continent. [9], According to a 2011–12 survey, total fertility rate was 5.1 children born per woman, with 4.5 in urban areas and 6.5 in rural areas. [clarification needed] This law is the first of its kind in Africa, and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent. Some of the South's most populous and developed locations are often the least accessible. To the west lies Gabon; Cameroon to its northwest and the Central African Republic to its northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southeast and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to its south; and the Atlantic Ocean to its southwest. Pendant son mandat, il ouvrira le pays à un libéralisme économique planifié et fera avancer les libertés alors que le Congo vivait sous le marxisme. Performance & security by Cloudflare, Please complete the security check to access. It was a Marxist–Leninist state from 1969 to 1992, under the name People's Republic of the Congo. [63], Public expenditure health was at 8.9% of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 1.3%. Notre seul objectif et engagement est de continuer de vous offrir un service de qualité. [11] Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. The Republic of Congo has several writers recognised in Africa and the French-speaking world: Alain Mabanckou, Jean-Baptiste Tati Loutard, Jeannette Balou Tchichelle, Henri Lopes, Lassy Mbouity, and Tchicaya U Tam'si. [10], Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. For example, the massive Chaillu Mountains are almost impossible to visit. [64] A large proportion of the population is undernourished,[64] with malnutrition being a problem in Congo-Brazzaville. Notre calendrier vous présente mois par mois les billets d’avion Air France les moins chers. He survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on 16 March 1977. The dry season is from June to August, while in the majority of the country the wet season has two rainfall maxima: one in March–May and another in September–November. 12 January 1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since.[47]. L’homme qui a dirigé la République populaire du Congo après l’ouverture démocratique en 1990 est décédé dans la nuit de dimanche à lundi 24 août 2020 à l’âge de 89 ans. [20] In 1965, Congo established relations with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, North Korea and North Vietnam. The conference recommended political, social, and economic reforms and led to the agreement on the Brazzaville Declaration. You may need to download version 2.0 now from the Chrome Web Store. [38][39] The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property the same way "pets" are. He won the election believed by many to be fraudulent. [9] Female genital mutilation (FGM) is rare in the country, being confined to limited geographic areas of the country.[66]. The Brazzaville Conference (French: Conference de Brazzaville) was a meeting of prominent Free French leaders held in January 1944 in Brazzaville, the then-capital of French Equatorial Africa, during World War II. "A Comparative Study of French and British Decolonization", Decolonisation of Africa#French colonial empire, Speech made by General de Gaulle at the opening of the Brazzaville Conference on January 30th 1944, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazzaville_Conference&oldid=971381035, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. RFI n'est pas responsable des contenus provenant de sites Internet externes. When Sassou Nguesso returned to power at the end of the war in October 1997, he publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. Notre calendrier vous présente mois par mois les billets d’avion Air France les moins chers. Cette formation politique a l’avantage de rassembler de nombreux Congolais épris de changement. [19] The Congolese military briefly took charge of the country, and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat. Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on 31 December 1968. The bodies of two of them were later found, mutilated, by the Congo River. Après Joachim Yhongo Opango qui a dirigé le Congo entre 1977-1979, décédé le 30 mars 2020 en France à l’âge de 81 ans, c’est autour de Pascal Lissouba, un autre vétéran de la politique congolaise de tirer sa révérence à l’hôpital de Perpignan, des suites de maladie. Nous avons en effet reçu des réclamations d’utilisateurs se plaignant de confusion dans les commentaires ou dans les « Petites annonces » avec d’autres utilisateurs ayant respectivement les mêmes noms. Le Refus de fournir tous les documents appropriés entrainera un rejet systématique de vos requêtes consulaires et le retard dans le traitement des demandes de visa. [25] A new constitution, agreed upon by referendum in January 2002, granted the president new powers, extended his term to seven years, and introduced a new bicameral assembly. BRAZZAVILLE, Republic of Congo (AP) — Republic of Congo police say 14 people have been killed in an attack on a train in the country's southeast. Né le 15 novembre 1931 à Tsinguidi dans le département du Niari, Pascal Lissouba deux fois marié et père de onze enfants vivait en exil en France depuis 2004. In 1908, France organized French Equatorial Africa (AEF), comprising Middle Congo, Gabon, Chad, and Oubangui-Chari (the modern Central African Republic). [62], Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. The opposition, who boycotted the referendum, said that the government's statistics were false and the vote was a fake one.[36]. One French investigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France; Sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as "racist" and "colonial". Embassy of France in Brazzaville, the Republic of the Congo The EmbassyPage for France's embassy in Brazzaville has updated contact details for the mission, including address and telephone number, as well as information about the embassy's website and social media presence. Nevertheless, Massamba-Débat was unable to reconcile various institutional, tribal and ideological factions within the country[20] and his regime ended abruptly with a bloodless coup in September 1968. It is working to improve the network that supports its hotels and related tourism facilities in Pointe Noire and Brazzaville. Brazzaville can be reached from Paris by Air France on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. There was also a seemingly more open tone towards the French colonies. Choose France, La stratégie d'attractivité des étudiants internationaux; The events organised by Campus France; France Alumni network; Updating online information; ... Brazzaville Congo - Brazzaville. For other uses, see, Largest cities or towns in Republic of the Congo. René Pleven, Commissioner for the Colonies in the French Committee of National Liberation, wanted to avoid international arbitration of the future of the French Empire, and in that regard organized the Brazzaville conference, in French Equatorial Africa. Royal Air Maroc (Brazzaville – Casablanca), Ethiopian Airlines (Brazzaville - Addis Abeba) en Rwandair (Brazzaville – Kigali). In rural areas, industrial and commercial activity has declined rapidly in recent years, leaving rural economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence. The country also has a large port on the Atlantic Ocean at Pointe-Noire and others along the Congo River at Brazzaville and Impfondo. Semi-autonomous assemblies would be established in each colony. Because of this role the French Committee of National Liberation began questioning the future of the colonies. Sangha, Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen. Economic reforms would be made to diminish the exploitative nature of the relationship between France and its colonies. Brazzaville can also be reached through Ethiopian Airlines from Addis Ababa four times a week; Addis Ababa has connecting flights to numerous other international destinations, including Dubai. Bureau of African Affairs. The election raised questions and was accompanied by civil unrest and police shootings of protesters;[37] at least 18 people were killed by security forces during opposition rallies leading up to the referendum held in October. A ceasefire deal was signed in December 2017.[30]. Self-government must be rejected - even in the more distant future. [69] In 2005 net primary enrollment rate was 44%, a significant drop from the 79% in 1991. Une ouverture démocratique favorisée par le Vent d’Est, à l’origine des alternances dans la plupart des pays d’Afrique, notamment les ex colonies françaises alors habituées à des coups d’Etat. Vous voulez poursuivre vos études en France, vous êtes au CONGO, à Brazzaville ou à Pointe Noire, vous devez obligatoirement passer par la Procédure Campus France via l'Institut Français du Congo(IFC), avant de deposer votre demande de Visa. Congo was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. The government claimed that the proposal was approved by 92% of voters with 72% of eligible voters participating. En quelques mois, Brazzaville la capitale et la plupart des villes sont détruites, avec à la clé, des milliers de morts. Pupils who complete six years of primary school and seven years of secondary school obtain a baccalaureate. [58], Ethnically and linguistically the population of the Republic of the Congo is diverse—Ethnologue recognises 62 spoken languages in the country[59]—but can be grouped into three categories. Enquête Démographique et de Santé 2011–2012, "IRIN Africa – CONGO: Grappling with malnutrition and post-conflict woes – Congo – Food Security – Health & Nutrition", "CONGO (BRAZZAVILLE): UNFPA Leads Fight Against FGM " UNFPA in the News", "Inauguration de la basilique Sainte-Anne du Congo à Brazzaville", Refworld | 2008 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor – Congo, Republic of the, Wikimedia Atlas of the Republic of the Congo, Humanitarian news and analysis from IRIN – Congo, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique, Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&oldid=978932209, French-speaking countries and territories, Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, States and territories established in 1960, CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Lingala-language text, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2019, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2019, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Pages using columns with the default column width, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010, Articles needing additional references from August 2017, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from April 2020, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, A list of subprefects (higher representatives of State in a district) nominated in December 2008 lists 86 districts. After violent protests in the capital, Sassou attacked the Pool region, where the Ninja rebels of the civil war used to be based, in what was believed to be a distraction. [29] In March 2015 Sassou announced that he wanted to run for yet another term in office and a constitutional referendum in October resulted in a changed constitution which allowed him to run during the 2016 presidential election. Regionale luchtvaartmaatschappijen vliegen tussen Brazzaville en andere Afrikaanse hoofdsteden zoals Bangui, Douala, Kigali, Libreville, Luanda, N'Djamena, Kinshasa en Johannesburg. Le contenu auquel vous tentez d'accéder n'existe pas ou n'est plus disponible. C’est tout naturellement que bénéficiant de plusieurs alliés, Pascal Lissouba remportera l’élection présidentielle de 1992. Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural-resource extraction. Que vous cherchiez un vol de dernière minute Paris - Brazzaville (CONGO BRAZZAVILLE) ou un départ plus lointain, profitez ici de nos tarifs les plus avantageux. [10] It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic. The sovereign state has had multi-party elections since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War, and President Denis Sassou Nguesso, who first came to power in 1979, has ruled for 35 of the past 40 years. [64] Office of the Historian. If you are on a personal connection, like at home, you can run an anti-virus scan on your device to make sure it is not infected with malware. The native population would be employed in public service positions within the colonies. United States State Department. La nouvelle de son décès, qui a rapidement fait le tour des réseaux sociaux, a été confirmée à RFI par Honoré Sayi, député à l’Assemblée nationale et porte-parole de l’Union panafricaine pour la démocratie sociale (UPADS), la formation politique créée en 1991 par le professeur Lissouba. The Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on 15 August 1960. brazzaville@campusfrance.org. The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north. Many historians view it as the first step towards decolonization, albeit a precarious one. On 5 June, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as "Cobras") to resist. Media afspelen. 'Loi n°11-2003 du 6 février 2003 portant statut particulier de la ville de Brazzaville et de la ville de Pointe-Noire', https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazzaville&oldid=56553593, Wikipedia:Commonscat met lokaal zelfde link als op Wikidata, Wikipedia:Pagina's die ISBN magische links gebruiken, Dit artikel of een eerdere versie ervan is een (gedeeltelijke) vertaling van het artikel. There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels. Soon thereafter, Sassou declared himself president. Instruction at all levels is in French, and the educational system as a whole models the French system. Brazzaville est la capitale politique et administrative, ainsi que la ville la plus peuplée de la République du Congo.Elle fut également la capitale de la France libre de 1940 à 1942.Elle compte 1 838 348 habitants en 2017 [3].Les habitants de Brazzaville sont appelés les Brazzavillois. Completing the CAPTCHA proves you are a human and gives you temporary access to the web property. Departments are divided into communes and districts. The government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a shortage of revenues. The Brazzaville Declaration included the following points: However, the possibility of complete independence was soundly rejected. [34], On 27 March 2015, Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum on changing the country's 2002 constitution to allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office. "RotC" redirects here. Under the 1963 constitution, Massamba-Débat was elected President for a five-year term. Faites connaissance avec votre « Code MediaCongo », Vous avez sans doute remarqué un nouveau code à 7 caractères affiché à droite de votre Nom/Pseudo, par exemple « AB25CDF ». [54][55], In 2018, the Republic of the Congo joined the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.[56]. [10], The Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. It has a short coast on the Atlantic Ocean. Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 15 jun 2020 om 20:20. United States State Department. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa's first "people's republic", the People's Republic of the Congo, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). L'ancien chef d'Etat est mort à 88 ans à Perpignan dans le sud de la France, des suites d’une longue maladie. [18] Since the political tension was so high in Pointe-Noire, Youlou moved the capital to Brazzaville. Ainsi s’achève la vie de celui que nombre d’observateurs et d’analystes présentent comme « le premier Président démocratiquement élu du Congo ». The capital, Brazzaville, is located on the Congo River, in the south of the country, immediately across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. [20] On the night between February 14 and 15, 1965, three prominent public officials in the Republic of the Congo were kidnapped; Lazare Matsocota (prosecutor of the Republic), Joseph Pouabou (president of the Supreme Court) and Massouémé Anselme (director of the Congolese Information Agency). Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. [28] According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by "very low" turnout and "fraud and irregularities". New elections took place in April 1959. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Congo-Brazzaville has had a multi-party political system since the early 1990s, although the system is heavily dominated by President Denis Sassou Nguesso; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule. These are: Congo is located in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa, along the Equator, lying between latitudes 4°N and 5°S, and longitudes 11° and 19°E. [48][49], The Republic of the Congo also has large untapped base metal, gold, iron and phosphate deposits. [11] This Congo Colony became known first as French Congo, then as Middle Congo in 1903. In June 1996, the IMF approved a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997. • N’hésitez pas à écrire à support@mediacongo.net si vous avez des questions ou suggestions. [14] The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy.