[76] According to Anthony Parel, Gandhi was also influenced by the Tamil text Tirukkuṛaḷ after Leo Tolstoy mentioned it in their correspondence that began with "A Letter to a Hindu". It initially led to a strong Muslim support for Gandhi. "[360], Swaraj to Gandhi did not mean transferring colonial era British power brokering system, favours-driven, bureaucratic, class exploitative structure and mindset into Indian hands. The partition had gripped the Indian subcontinent with religious violence and the streets were filled with corpses. De retour aux Indes, il exerça sa profession à Bombay, se rendit ensuite en Afrique du Sud, où il fut avocat et avoué, de 1893 à 1908. A social boycott of mamlatdars and talatdars (revenue officials within the district) accompanied the agitation. [406][407], In addition, the British musician John Lennon referred to Gandhi when discussing his views on nonviolence. [313] He also consulted with vegetarianism campaigners during his lifetime, such as with Henry Stephens Salt. [435], The 1979 opera Satyagraha by American composer Philip Glass is loosely based on Gandhi's life. [22], Although he only had an elementary education and had previously been a clerk in the state administration, Karamchand proved a capable chief minister. [358], In his autobiography, Gandhi wrote that he believed every Hindu child must learn Sanskrit because its historic and spiritual texts are in that language. [61] Though unable to halt the bill's passage, his campaign was successful in drawing attention to the grievances of Indians in South Africa. Le gouvernement britannique plie devant la menace de la mort de Gandhi devenu très populaire en Europe. He found it humiliating, struggling to understand how some people can feel honour or superiority or pleasure in such inhumane practices. [268] Gandhi explains his philosophy and ideas about ahimsa as a political means in his autobiography The Story of My Experiments with Truth. Wavell accused Gandhi of harbouring the single minded idea to "overthrow British rule and influence and to establish a Hindu raj", and called Gandhi a "malignant, malevolent, exceedingly shrewd" politician. Qui est Mahatma Gandhi ? '[229], Gandhi, in his autobiography, called Rajchandra his "guide and helper" and his "refuge [...] in moments of spiritual crisis". M. Byron Price a déploré « qu’une haute personnalité morale comme Gandhi disparaisse, alors que les qualités dont il a fait preuve sont des plus rares à l’heure actuelle ». [274], Gandhi's views came under heavy criticism in Britain when it was under attack from Nazi Germany, and later when the Holocaust was revealed. [342], Gandhi spoke out against untouchability early in his life. The latter two claimed that it distorted what Gandhi actually said on a range of topics and falsely repudiated the Quit India movement. His method of non-violent Satyagraha could easily attract masses and it fitted in with the interests and sentiments of business groups, better-off people and dominant sections of peasantry, who did not want an uncontrolled and violent social revolution which could create losses for them. Gandhi's image also appears on paper currency of all denominations issued by Reserve Bank of India, except for the one rupee note. [260], While Gandhi's idea of satyagraha as a political means attracted a widespread following among Indians, the support was not universal. [121], The massacre and Gandhi's non-violent response to it moved many, but also made some Sikhs and Hindus upset that Dyer was getting away with murder. [449] One is located at Sambalpur in Orissa and the second at Nidaghatta village near Kadur in Chikmagalur district of Karnataka and the third one at Chityal in the district of Nalgonda, Telangana. Recalling the day of their marriage, he once said, "As we didn't know much about marriage, for us it meant only wearing new clothes, eating sweets and playing with relatives." [382] However Gandhi himself did not approve of the notion of "Gandhism", as he explained in 1936: There is no such thing as "Gandhism", and I do not want to leave any sect after me. In the months following, he undertook several fasts unto death to stop religious violence. The British questioned the Congress party and Gandhi's authority to speak for all of India. Tensions escalated until Gandhi demanded immediate independence in 1942 and the British responded by imprisoning him and tens of thousands of Congress leaders. But he dropped out and returned to his family in Porbandar. Save up to 80% by choosing the eTextbook option for ISBN: 9782360533411, 236053341X. Gandhi's shyness was an obstacle to his defence of Allinson at the committee meeting. 1 Si je devais définir la religion, je dirais que c'est un bandage que l'homme a inventé pour protéger l'âme blessée par les circonstances. Answer Save. Gandhi criticised Muslims who "betray intolerance of criticism by a non-Muslim of anything related to Islam", such as the penalty of stoning to death under Islamic law. On 30 January 2008, the contents of another urn were immersed at Girgaum Chowpatty. [304] These arguments, states Kumaraswamy, were a part of his political strategy to win Muslim support during the Khilafat movement. Il a repris ses moyens d’action en 1920. He ended up doing so much and changed the world just by the power of his ethics. He linked Gandhi's assassination to politics of hatred and ill-will. The satyagraha civil disobedience followed, with people assembling to protest the Rowlatt Act. [449][450] The Gandhi Memorial in Kanyakumari resembles central Indian Hindu temples and the Tamukkam or Summer Palace in Madurai now houses the Mahatma Gandhi Museum. Alors qu’il n’a que 16 ans, son père meurt d’une maladie alors que Gandhi ne peut malheureusement pas assister à ses derniers instants. The march took 25 days to cover 240 miles with Gandhi speaking to often huge crowds along the way. However, the Muslim League demanded "Divide and Quit India". ", This page was last edited on 20 December 2020, at 10:32. I have known them intimately in South Africa. ", Gokhale, B. G. "Gandhi and the British Empire,", Juergensmeyer, Mark. [151][152], In 1934 Gandhi resigned from Congress party membership. [179], At 5:17 pm on 30 January 1948, Gandhi was with his grandnieces in the garden of Birla House (now Gandhi Smriti), on his way to address a prayer meeting, when Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, fired three bullets into his chest from a pistol at close range. « Celui qui avait, il y a quelques jours encore, montré que la bonté et le renoncement peuvent vaincre la haine et l’ambition, vient de disparaître, frappé par un fanatique. [215], According to Bhikhu Parekh, three books that influenced Gandhi most in South Africa were William Salter's Ethical Religion (1889); Henry David Thoreau's On the Duty of Civil Disobedience (1849); and Leo Tolstoy's The Kingdom of God Is Within You (1894). [386] This last essay can be considered his programme on economics. In Britain, Winston Churchill, a prominent Conservative politician who was then out of office but later became its prime minister, became a vigorous and articulate critic of Gandhi and opponent of his long-term plans. 3 breus comentaris per encetar aquesta tradicional trobada: I.- GANDHI: REVOLTA I RESPECTE * És una figura massa oblidada fins i tot pels mateixos pacifistes. Godse accused Gandhi of subjectivism and of acting as if only he had a monopoly of the truth. [242][243], During World War I (1914–1918), nearing the age of 50, Gandhi supported the British and its allied forces by recruiting Indians to join the British army, expanding the Indian contingent from about 100,000 to over 1.1 million. Gandhi believed that numerous interpreters have interpreted it to fit their preconceived notions. [329] To Gandhi, the women of India were an important part of the "swadeshi movement" (Buy Indian), and his goal of decolonising the Indian economy. The Second Round Table conference was the only time he left India between 1914 and his death in 1948. La mort de Gandhi qui rappelle que les extrémistes hindouistes existent . [39], At age 9, Gandhi entered the local school in Rajkot, near his home. [170] At the end of the war, the British gave clear indications that power would be transferred to Indian hands. [182] Some writers credit Gandhi's fasting and protests for stopping the religious riots and communal violence. The protest at Dharasana salt works on 21 May went ahead without its leader, Gandhi. [52] His mother was not comfortable about Gandhi leaving his wife and family, and going so far from home. At the start of his experiment he had women sleep in the same room but in different beds. Des bagarres ont éclaté entre Hindous et musulmans. Harilal Mohandas Gandhi (Devanagari: हरीलाल गांधी), 1888 – 18 June 1948) was the eldest son of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. The 1995 Marathi play Gandhi Virudh Gandhi explored the relationship between Gandhi and his son Harilal. La police a arrêté cinq individus suspects de complicité dans l’assassinat. [110][111] His support for the Khilafat movement also helped him sideline Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who had announced his opposition to the satyagraha non-co-operation movement approach of Gandhi. [105][106] Muslim leaders and delegates abandoned Gandhi and his Congress. It did not lead to inner transformation or moral advance or to the Christian teaching of "love", but was based on false one-sided criticisms of other religions, when Christian societies faced similar problems in South Africa and Europe. Skip to main content. If these gentlemen choose to occupy your homes, you will vacate them. [63] He was not allowed to sit with European passengers in the stagecoach and told to sit on the floor near the driver, then beaten when he refused; elsewhere he was kicked into a gutter for daring to walk near a house, in another instance thrown off a train at Pietermaritzburg after refusing to leave the first-class. Gokhale was a key leader of the Congress Party best known for his restraint and moderation, and his insistence on working inside the system. Jahnu Barua's Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara (I did not kill Gandhi), places contemporary society as a backdrop with its vanishing memory of Gandhi's values as a metaphor for the senile forgetfulness of the protagonist of his 2005 film,[434] writes Vinay Lal. According to Arthur Herman, Gandhi believed that his campaign would strike a blow to imperialism. [296] According to Gandhi, this was not true "service" but one driven by an ulterior motive of luring people into religious conversion and exploiting the economically or medically desperate. Life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in eight volumes, Chaman Nahal's Gandhi Quartet, and Pyarelal and Sushila Nayyar with their Mahatma Gandhi in 10 volumes. Bringing anti-colonial nationalism to the common Indians, Gandhi led them in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. In this effort, he urged that they neither kill nor injure British people, but be willing to suffer and die if violence is initiated by the British officials. Gandhi wrote the book The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism and wrote for the London Vegetarian Society's publication. For five months, the administration refused but finally in end-May 1918, the Government gave way on important provisions and relaxed the conditions of payment of revenue tax until the famine ended. They encouraged Gandhi to join them in reading the Bhagavad Gita both in translation as well as in the original.[56]. Gandhi sent an ultimatum in the form of a polite letter to the viceroy of India, Lord Irwin, on 2 March. Lanza del Vasto went to India in 1936 intending to live with Gandhi; he later returned to Europe to spread Gandhi's philosophy and founded the Community of the Ark in 1948 (modelled after Gandhi's ashrams). [433] Gandhi was a central figure in the 2006 Bollywood comedy film Lage Raho Munna Bhai. [169], While the leaders of Congress languished in jail, the other parties supported the war and gained organizational strength. [39] At age 11, he joined the High School in Rajkot. However, they differed sharply on political strategy. However, he could not appreciate the bland vegetarian food offered by his landlady and was frequently hungry until he found one of London's few vegetarian restaurants. In parallel, Gandhi's fellowmen became sceptical of his pacifist ideas and were inspired by the ideas of nationalism and anti-imperialism. He was also willing to compromise. [47] Gandhi, then 16 years old, and his wife of age 17 had their first baby, who survived only a few days. 1 decade ago. The last of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948 when he was 78,[12] also had the indirect goal of pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan. He was introduced to Shrimad by Dr. Pranjivan Mehta. De fortes gardes de police ont été placées dans la maison de ce dernier est dans les locaux du quotidien local Marathi hindu rashtra, dont l’assassin de Gandhi est le rédacteur en chef. He writes: "It haunted me and I must have acted Harishchandra to myself times without number." Si je devais recommencer ma vie, je tâcherais de faire mes rêves encore plus grands, parce que la vie est infiniment plus belle et plus grande que je ne l'aurais jamais cru. They were trained and medically certified to serve on the front lines. His distant cousin in Johannesburg needed a lawyer, and they preferred someone with Kathiawari heritage. He stated that spiritual studies must encourage "a Hindu to become a better Hindu, a Mussalman to become a better Mussalman, and a Christian a better Christian. [70], The Abdullah case that had brought him to South Africa concluded in May 1894, and the Indian community organised a farewell party for Gandhi as he prepared to return to India. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (/ˈɡɑːndi, ˈɡændi/;[2] 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), also known as Mahatma Gandhi, was an Indian lawyer,[3] anti-colonial nationalist,[4] and political ethicist,[5] who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule,[6] and in turn inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Vêtu d’étoffe blanche rude, les pieds nus. Après les sources de l'époque, d'une pleuropneumonie attrapée en cours d'une partie ed chasse en plein hiver: [380] To Gandhi, states Parekh, both communism and capitalism were wrong, in part because both focused exclusively on a materialistic view of man, and because the former deified the state with unlimited power of violence, while the latter deified capital. [10][168] These discussions continued through 1947. "[182], In 1938, Gandhi stated that his "sympathies are all with the Jews. Violence against any human being, born poor or rich, is wrong, believed Gandhi. "[257], Gandhi wrote: "There must be no impatience, no barbarity, no insolence, no undue pressure. [138] These ideas sounded strange outside India, during his lifetime, but they readily and deeply resonated with the culture and historic values of his people. Unhappy with this, the peasantry appealed to Gandhi at his ashram in Ahmedabad. [181], Gandhi spent the day of independence not celebrating the end of the British rule but appealing for peace among his countrymen by fasting and spinning in Calcutta on 15 August 1947. He told the British people in 1940, "I would like you to lay down the arms you have as being useless for saving you or humanity. Il fait ses études de droit en Grande-Bretagne puis revient en Inde pour exercer mais ses débuts n'étant pas concluant il part en Afrique du Sud en 1893 pour y défendre une minorité indienne victime de ségrégation en prônant la non-violence. However, Gandhi's empathy towards Islam, and his eager willingness to valorise peaceful Muslim social activists, was viewed by many Hindus as an appeasement of Muslims and later became a leading cause for his assassination at the hands of intolerant Hindu extremists. [359], According to Gandhi, a non-violent state is like an "ordered anarchy". [91], In April 1918, during the latter part of World War I, the Viceroy invited Gandhi to a War Conference in Delhi. [182][306] In 1937, Gandhi discussed Zionism with his close Jewish friend Hermann Kallenbach. [77][78] Gandhi urged Indians to defy the new law and to suffer the punishments for doing so. The government called on nutritional experts to demystify his action, and again no photos were allowed. His childhood shyness and self withdrawal had continued through his teens, and he remained so when he arrived in London, but he joined a public speaking practice group and overcame this handicap to practise law. Mais sa lumière continuera de nous diriger et de nous aider pour des milliers d’années. [233][234][235], His comparative studies of religions and interaction with scholars, led him to respect all religions as well as become concerned about imperfections in all of them and frequent misinterpretations. La personnalité du Mahatma était très appréciée à la cité du Vatican pour ses sentiments de solidarité humaine et pour l’œuvre à laquelle il s’était consacré en faveur de la réconciliation entre hindous (AFP). [141], Churchill's bitterness against Gandhi grew in the 1930s. He brought an international reputation as a leading Indian nationalist, theorist and community organiser. ». [249] I. Bruce Watson states that some of these ideas are found not only in traditions within Hinduism, but also in Jainism or Buddhism, particularly those about non-violence, vegetarianism and universal love, but Gandhi's synthesis was to politicise these ideas. [208][209] At age 57 he declared himself to be Advaitist Hindu in his religious persuasion, but added that he supported Dvaitist viewpoints and religious pluralism. Mort à Gandhi (SAS) (French Edition) Jinnah was mainly interested in dealing with the British via constitutional negotiation, rather than attempting to agitate the masses. [161] The British government responded quickly to the Quit India speech, and within hours after Gandhi's speech arrested Gandhi and all the members of the Congress Working Committee. That year, the committee chose not to award the peace prize stating that "there was no suitable living candidate" and later research shows that the possibility of awarding the prize posthumously to Gandhi was discussed and that the reference to no suitable living candidate was to Gandhi. [163], Gandhi was released before the end of the war on 6 May 1944 because of his failing health and necessary surgery; the Raj did not want him to die in prison and enrage the nation. [46], In late 1885, Gandhi's father Karamchand died. Il veut être une personne tolérante, honnête et respectueuse de son prochain (surtout ses ainés). En termes choisis, M. Saravane-Lambert, député de l’Inde française, fait l’éloge du disparu, « un de ces hommes, grâce auxquels, l’amour progresse contre la haine dans notre monde à qui la haine vient encore de faire tant de mal », est M. André Marle, garde des Sceaux, apporte l’hommage du gouvernement. [422] In the summer of 1995, the North American Vegetarian Society inducted him posthumously into the Vegetarian Hall of Fame. For example, Muslim leaders such as Jinnah opposed the satyagraha idea, accused Gandhi to be reviving Hinduism through political activism, and began effort to counter Gandhi with Muslim nationalism and a demand for Muslim homeland. He called Gandhi as the one who was "seditious in aim" whose evil genius and multiform menace was attacking the British empire. Le mahatma Gandhi est né à Kâthiâwar (province de Bombay), en 1869. Gandhi essuie alors « quatre coups de feu tirés à bout portant par un jeune Hindou de la province de Bombay qui a été arrêté sur les lieux de l’attentat », peut-on lire dans la Croix du 31 janvier 1948. L'auteur a 177 réponses et 67,6 k vues de réponse. Although some other members of the committee agreed with Gandhi, the vote was lost and Allinson excluded. Dehury, Dinabandhu "Mahatma Gandhi's Contribution to Education". [123] In addition to boycotting British products, Gandhi urged the people to boycott British institutions and law courts, to resign from government employment, and to forsake British titles and honours. He attended Khanqah gatherings there at Riverside. [90], Gandhi took leadership of the Congress in 1920 and began escalating demands until on 26 January 1930 the Indian National Congress declared the independence of India. [344] Calling the doctrine of untouchability intolerable, he asserted that the practice could be eradicated, that Hinduism was flexible enough to allow eradication, and that a concerted effort was needed to persuade people of the wrong and to urge them to eradicate it. [233] Gandhi grew fond of Hinduism, and referred to the Bhagavad Gita as his spiritual dictionary and greatest single influence on his life. He was imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. Cet engagement de Gandhi a un but purement politique, celui de s'opposer à B.-R. Ambedkar, un intouchable ayant eu accès à l'éducation, et fondateur du mouvement Dalit, signifiant "opprimé", rassemblant les hors-castes.Entre les deux hommes, la confrontation est brutale. La meilleure citation de Gandhi préférée des internautes. [200] Most of the ashes were immersed at the Sangam at Allahabad on 12 February 1948, but some were secretly taken away. He viewed Islam as a faith that proactively promoted peace, and felt that non-violence had a predominant place in the Quran. La police, débordée, a fait appel à la troupe. [83] Scholars cite it as an example of evidence that Gandhi at that time thought of Indians and black South Africans differently. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi est né le 2 octobre 1869 à Porbandar (Gujarat, Inde) dans une famille aisée de l’Inde.Il est mort assassiné le 30 janvier 1948 à Delhi (Inde). The experiments began some time after the death of his wife in February 1944. [367], In an interview with C.F. A horrified American journalist, Webb Miller, described the British response thus: In complete silence the Gandhi men drew up and halted a hundred yards from the stockade. » Il était conscient que la pression et la contrainte sont nécessaires quand la persuasion s’avère inefficace : « Même devant les arguments convaincants la Grande-Bretagne défendra ses intérêts par tous les moyens. It was based on the biography by Louis Fischer. [359] He emphasised a society where individuals believed more in learning about their duties and responsibilities, not demanded rights and privileges. L’Inde et la mort du Mahatma Gandhi 04 Fév. [137][139], The government, represented by Lord Irwin, decided to negotiate with Gandhi. Thus, satya (truth) in Gandhi's philosophy is "God". Retrouvez les précédents articles parus dans la rubrique « Ce jour-là ». À cette époque, ses actions sont soutenues tant par le Congrès que par la Ligue musulmane. [413], Gandhi's ideas had a significant influence on 20th-century philosophy. They went down like ninepins. Les bureaux du Kal, journal hostile à Gandhi, ont été incendiés. [84], In 1906, when the British declared war against the Zulu Kingdom in Natal, Gandhi at age 36, sympathised with the Zulus and encouraged the Indian volunteers to help as an ambulance unit. [124], The appeal of "Non-cooperation" grew, its social popularity drew participation from all strata of Indian society. Ruskin inspired his decision to live an austere life on a commune, at first on the Phoenix Farm in Natal and then on the Tolstoy Farm just outside Johannesburg, South Africa. L’essayiste français Jacques Attali retrace, sans complaisance, la vie, les idéaux et les engagements du mahatma dans son dernier essai-fleuve, Gandhi ou l’éveil des humiliés. He did not disagree with the party's position but felt that if he resigned, his popularity with Indians would cease to stifle the party's membership, which actually varied, including communists, socialists, trade unionists, students, religious conservatives, and those with pro-business convictions, and that these various voices would get a chance to make themselves heard. [179] Wavell feared a civil war on the Indian subcontinent, and doubted Gandhi would be able to stop it. [291] According to the historian M. Naeem Qureshi, like the then Indian Muslim leaders who had combined religion and politics, Gandhi too imported his religion into his political strategy during the Khilafat movement.