In 430 BC, the army of Sparta looted Attica for a second time, but Pericles was not daunted and refused to revise his initial strategy. HACHETTE LIVRE-BNF . 12 Antworten. 1 (Classic Reprint) (French Edition) Author . Nous intervenons sur les phases stratégiques, organisationnelles et de mise en œuvre. [110] The exact identity of the disease is uncertain; typhus or typhoid fever are suspected, but this has been the source of much debate. Geben Sie es weiter, tauschen Sie es ein, © 1998-2020, Amazon.com, Inc. oder Tochtergesellschaften. Beste Antwort. Concentré d'information sur la vie de Périclès, Rezension aus Spanien vom 23. For men can endure to hear others praised only so long as they can severally persuade themselves of their own ability to equal the actions recounted: when this point is passed, envy comes in and with it incredulity. Paparrigopoulos maintains that an unprecedented regression descended upon the city, whose glory perished as a result of Pericles' populist policies. Bien que Cimon soit acquitté, cette confrontation prouve que l'adversaire politique majeur de Périclès est vulnérable. Such measures impelled Pericles' critics to hold him responsible for the gradual degeneration of the Athenian democracy. [130] He based his military policy on Themistocles' principle that Athens' predominance depends on its superior naval power and believed that the Peloponnesians were near-invincible on land. It is called a democracy, because not the few but the many govern. Histoire de l'art grec avant Périclès (French Edition) (Book) Book Details. Antwort Speichern. Just before his death, Pericles' friends were concentrated around his bed, enumerating his virtues during peace and underscoring his nine war trophies. [139][178], Further assessments about Pericles and his era, "Perikles" redirects here. The Attic Orators from Antiphon to Isaeos, Martin, Thomas R. An Overview of Classical Greek History from Mycenae to Alexander (Pericles' citizenship law), The Revolt of Samos (Demo Fragmentary Texts), Museum of the Center for the Acropolis Studies, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericles&oldid=994989761, Articles with dead external links from October 2017, CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown, Articles containing Attic Greek-language text, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [171] The promotion of such an arrogant imperialism is said to have ruined Athens. For more than 20 years Pericles led many expeditions, mainly naval ones. Buy This Book. Remember, too, that if your country has the greatest name in all the world, it is because she never bent before disaster; because she has expended more life and effort in war than any other city, and has won for herself a power greater than any hitherto known, the memory of which will descend to the latest posterity. International theatre director Declan Donnellan discusses his new Franco-British production of Périclès, Prince de Tyr, performing at the Barbican (6 – 21 April). [89] In 433 BC the enemy fleets confronted each other at the Battle of Sybota and a year later the Athenians fought Corinthian colonists at the Battle of Potidaea; these two events contributed greatly to Corinth's lasting hatred of Athens. Périclès a marqué toute une époque et a inspiré des jugements contradictoires sur ses décisions importantes. [13], The causes of the Peloponnesian War have been much debated, but many ancient historians lay the blame on Pericles and Athens. Naissance vers 495 [62], By 450–449 BC the revolts in Miletus and Erythrae were quelled and Athens restored its rule over its allies. [169], On the other hand, the ancient sources made it possible to glimpse the personal relations that Pericles had developed with gods. 75 likes. [126] Pericles (/ˈpɛrɪkliːz/; Attic Greek: Περικλῆς Periklēs, pronounced [pe.ri.klɛ̂ːs] in Classical Attic; c. 495 – 429 BC) was a prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens during its golden age, specifically the time between the Persian and the Peloponnesian Wars. Zugelassene Drittanbieter verwenden diese Tools auch in Verbindung mit der Anzeige von Werbung durch uns. He was certain that democracy had reached its peak and Pericles' reforms were leading to the stalemate of populism. During the same period, Pericles proposed the Megarian decree, which resembled a modern trade embargo. "[159], Kagan states that Pericles adopted "an elevated mode of speech, free from the vulgar and knavish tricks of mob-orators" and, according to Diodorus Siculus, he "excelled all his fellow citizens in skill of oratory". He was descended, through his mother, from the powerful and historically-influential Alcmaeonid family. Pericles promoted the arts and literature, and it is principally through his efforts that Athens acquired the reputation of being the educational and cultural center of the ancient Greek world. This project beautified and protected the city, exhibited its glory and gave work to its people. [55], In 444 BC, the conservative and the democratic factions confronted each other in a fierce struggle. Nevertheless, within just a year, in 429 BC, the Athenians not only forgave Pericles but also re-elected him as strategos. Pendant les quinze années où il est le principal dirigeant d'Athènes, il veut en faire la capitale intellectuelle et artistique de la Grèce. His achievements included the construction of the Acropolis, begun in 447. Some contemporary scholars call Pericles a populist, a demagogue and a hawk,[123] while other scholars admire his charismatic leadership. [97] With his last attempt at negotiation thus declined, Archidamus invaded Attica, but found no Athenians there; Pericles, aware that Sparta's strategy would be to invade and ravage Athenian territory, had previously arranged to evacuate the entire population of the region to within the walls of Athens. He learned music from the masters of the time (Damon or Pythocleides could have been his teacher)[14][15] and he is considered to have been the first politician to attribute importance to philosophy. Pericles is said to have initiated both expeditions in Egypt and Cyprus,[44] although some researchers, such as Karl Julius Beloch, argue that the dispatch of such a great fleet conforms with the spirit of Cimon's policy. Publisher. Momentanes Problem beim Laden dieses Menüs. Comment naît la "démocratie" grecque. Edited by J. C. Maxwell] (1956) Cambridge, University press , 1956. The obvious purpose of these proposals was the instigation of a confrontation between Pericles and the people; this event, indeed, would come about a few years later. [3][4] He, along with several members of his family, succumbed to the Plague of Athens in 429 BC, which weakened the city-state during a protracted conflict with Sparta. [65], It was from the alliance's treasury that Pericles drew the funds necessary to enable his ambitious building plan, centered on the "Periclean Acropolis", which included the Propylaea, the Parthenon and the golden statue of Athena, sculpted by Pericles' friend, Phidias. [124] It is told that when his political opponent, Thucydides, was asked by Sparta's king, Archidamus, whether he or Pericles was the better fighter, Thucydides answered without any hesitation that Pericles was better, because even when he was defeated, he managed to convince the audience that he had won. [λ] According to Kagan, Pericles' vehement insistence that there should be no diversionary expeditions may well have resulted from the bitter memory of the Egyptian campaign, which he had allegedly supported. [177] Pericles is lauded as "the ideal type of the perfect statesman in ancient Greece" and his Funeral Oration is nowadays synonymous with the struggle for participatory democracy and civic pride. [170], Pericles' most visible legacy can be found in the literary and artistic works of the Golden Age, much of which survive to this day. According to the most stringent provision of the decree, even proposing a different use of the money or ships would entail the penalty of death. Constantine Paparrigopoulos, a major modern Greek historian, argues that Pericles sought for the expansion and stabilization of all democratic institutions. *FREE* shipping on eligible orders. Pausanias (c. 150 AD) records (I.29) seeing the tomb of Pericles along a road near the Academy. Euboea and Megara revolted. En matière d'éducation, d'autres peuples, par un entraînement pénible, accoutument les enfants dès le tout jeune âge au courage viril ; mais nous, malgré notre genre de vie sans contrainte, nous affrontons avec autant de bravoure qu'eux des dangers semblables. The Pericles 2020 programme funds staff exchanges, seminars, trainings and studies for law enforcement and judicial authorities, banks and others involved in combating euro-counterfeiting. [162] The biographer points out, however, that the poet Ion reported that Pericles' speaking style was "a presumptuous and somewhat arrogant manner of address, and that into his haughtiness there entered a good deal of disdain and contempt for others". During the autumn of 431 BC, Pericles led the Athenian forces that invaded Megara and a few months later (winter of 431–430 BC) he delivered his monumental and emotional Funeral Oration, honoring the Athenians who died for their city.[105]. [53] In 447 BC Pericles engaged in his most admired excursion, the expulsion of barbarians from the Thracian peninsula of Gallipoli, to establish Athenian colonists in the region. In 440 BC Samos went to war against Miletus over control of Priene, an ancient city of Ionia on the foot-hills of Mycale. Wählen Sie einen anderen Lieferort. [δ] Without opposition after the expulsion of Cimon, the unchallengeable leader of the democratic party became the unchallengeable ruler of Athens. Pericles and his friends were never immune from attack, as preeminence in democratic Athens was not equivalent to absolute rule. [21][22], In 463 BC, Pericles was the leading prosecutor of Cimon, the leader of the conservative faction who was accused of neglecting Athens' vital interests in Macedon. [57], After the Spartan threat had been removed, Pericles crossed back to Euboea to crush the revolt there. After Thucydides' ostracism, Pericles was re-elected yearly to the generalship, the only office he ever officially occupied, although his influence was so great as to make him the de facto ruler of the state. Um die Gesamtbewertung der Sterne und die prozentuale Aufschlüsselung nach Sternen zu berechnen, verwenden wir keinen einfachen Durchschnitt. 3 Il reçut une éducation soignée. The process by which the Delian League transformed into an Athenian empire is generally considered to have begun well before Pericles' time,[59] as various allies in the league chose to pay tribute to Athens instead of manning ships for the league's fleet, but the transformation was speeded and brought to its conclusion by Pericles. [102] As meetings of the assembly were called at the discretion of its rotating presidents, the "prytanies", Pericles had no formal control over their scheduling; rather, the respect in which Pericles was held by the prytanies was apparently sufficient to persuade them to do as he wished. MARC View. [12], Pericles belonged to the tribe of Acamantis (Ἀκαμαντὶς φυλή). C'est moins la vie d'un homme que celle de sa ville et de … Sie hören eine Hörprobe des Audible Hörbuch-Downloads. $31.95. [133] The two basic principles of the "Periclean Grand Strategy" were the rejection of appeasement (in accordance with which he urged the Athenians not to revoke the Megarian Decree) and the avoidance of overextension. [107] Unwilling to engage the Spartan army in battle, he again led a naval expedition to plunder the coasts of the Peloponnese, this time taking 100 Athenian ships with him. Ioannis Kakridis and Arnold Gomme were two scholars who debated the originality of Pericles' oratory and last speech. [148], Modern commentators of Thucydides, with other modern historians and writers, take varying stances on the issue of how much of the speeches of Pericles, as given by this historian, do actually represent Pericles' own words and how much of them is free literary creation or paraphrase by Thucydides. Vlachos maintains that Thucydides' narration gives the impression that Athens' alliance had become an authoritarian and oppressive empire, while the historian makes no comment for Sparta's equally harsh rule. Rezension aus Frankreich vom 16. [68], When the Athenians ordered the two sides to stop fighting and submit the case to arbitration in Athens, the Samians refused. However, when Pericles took the floor, his resolute arguments put Thucydides and the conservatives firmly on the defensive. [32] (The fleet, backbone of Athenian power since the days of Themistocles, was manned almost entirely by members of the lower classes. [6] The leader of the party and mentor of Pericles, Ephialtes, proposed a reduction of the Areopagus' powers. [147] Hanson stresses that the Periclean strategy was not innovative, but could lead to a stagnancy in favor of Athens. However, as he is generally regarded as an admirer of Pericles, Thucydides has been criticized for bias against Sparta. [67], The Samian War was one of the last significant military events before the Peloponnesian War. [143] Kagan estimates Pericles' expenditure on his military strategy in the Peloponnesian War to be about 2,000 talents annually, and based on this figure concludes that he would have only enough money to keep the war going for three years. Pericles had such a profound influence on Athenian society that he was acclaimed by Thucydides, a contemporary historian, as "the first citizen of Athens". [118] Nonetheless, objections did not undermine Pericles' morale, although he burst into tears to protect Aspasia when she was accused of corrupting Athenian society. Athènnes? [113] This is considered to be a monumental oration, revealing Pericles' virtues but also his bitterness towards his compatriots' ingratitude. [31], According to Samons, Pericles believed that it was necessary to raise the demos, in which he saw an untapped source of Athenian power and the crucial element of Athenian military dominance. Neoprofs.org, 1er réseau social enseignant, s'adresse aux professeurs et personnels de l'Education nationale. Zénon portait, dans la controverse, une force de raisonnement, ou plutôt une subtilité d’arguties, qui embarrassait tous ses adversaires ; et c’est pourquoi Timon le Phliasien ( 11 ) a dit de lui : [45], Complicating the account of this period is the issue of the Peace of Callias, which allegedly ended hostilities between the Greeks and the Persians. Übersetzen Sie alle Bewertungen auf Deutsch, Lieferung verfolgen oder Bestellung anzeigen, Recycling (einschließlich Entsorgung von Elektro- & Elektronikaltgeräten). This promise was prompted by his concern that Archidamus, who was a friend of his, might pass by his estate without ravaging it, either as a gesture of friendship or as a calculated political move aimed to alienate Pericles from his constituents. La civilisation grecque connaît son apogée au ve siècle av. According to Plutarch, it was thought that Pericles proceeded against the Samians to gratify Aspasia of Miletus. Histoire de l'art grec avant Périclès (French Edition) Author. Drame en 5 actes en prose et en vers composé et représenté en 1608. Free education pack including the full-length film of Périclès, Prince de Tyr, activities, insights and analysis for teachers and students. [46] Ernst Badian believes that a peace between Athens and Persia was first ratified in 463 BC (making the Athenian interventions in Egypt and Cyprus violations of the peace), and renegotiated at the conclusion of the campaign in Cyprus, taking force again by 449–448 BC. Pericles, following Athenian custom, was first married to one of his closest relatives, with whom he had two sons, Paralus and Xanthippus, but around 445 BC, Pericles divorced his wife. That is to say, Thucydides could simply have used two different writing styles for two different purposes. Paparrigopoulos wrote that these masterpieces are "sufficient to render the name of Greece immortal in our world". [135] For his part, Ben X. de Wet concludes his strategy would have succeeded had he lived longer. The Congress failed because of Sparta's stance, but Pericles' intentions remain unclear. Pericles' mother, Agariste, was a member of the powerful and controversial noble family of the Alcmaeonidae, and her familial connections played a crucial role in helping start Xanthippus' political career. [70], After Pericles divorced his wife, he had a long-term relationship with Aspasia of Miletus, with whom he had a son, Pericles the Younger. Pericles marked a whole era and inspired conflicting judgments about his significant decisions. On the one hand, the career of the strategos will illuminate the Athenians' collective relationship to all that was divine. [23] The historian Loren J. Samons II argues, however, that Pericles had enough resources to make a political mark by private means, had he so chosen. If we look to the laws, they afford equal justice to all in their private differences; if to social standing, advancement in public life falls to reputation for capacity, class considerations not being allowed to interfere with merit; nor again does poverty bar the way, if a man is able to serve the state, he is not hindered by the obscurity of his condition. [71] Pericles then quelled a revolt in Byzantium and, when he returned to Athens, gave a funeral oration to honor the soldiers who died in the expedition. [51] Angelos Vlachos, a Greek Academician, points out the use of the alliance's treasury, initiated and executed by Pericles, as one of the largest embezzlements in human history; this misappropriation financed, however, some of the most marvellous artistic creations of the ancient world. Lv 7. vor 1 Jahrzehnt. Bitte versuchen Sie es erneut. The dramatic works of William Shakespeare - accurately printed from the text of the corrected copy left by the late George Steevens, Esq. [135] It is for that reason that Hans Delbrück called him one of the greatest statesmen and military leaders in history. Publisher. Entdecken Sie Empfehlungen, Bestseller und mehr in unserem Shop für französische Bücher. Although Thucydides mentions the fining of Pericles, he does not mention the accusations against Pericles but instead focuses on Pericles' integrity. He remained in power until his death in 429 BC. [109] Ancient sources mention Cleon, a rising and dynamic protagonist of the Athenian political scene during the war, as the public prosecutor in Pericles' trial.[109]. [63] Around 447 BC Clearchus[64] proposed the Coinage Decree, which imposed Athenian silver coinage, weights and measures on all of the allies. Stattdessen betrachtet unser System Faktoren wie die Aktualität einer Rezension und ob der Rezensent den Artikel bei Amazon gekauft hat. Hence, the historian's hinted assertion that Greek public opinion espoused Sparta's pledges of liberating Greece almost uncomplainingly seems tendentious. Agariste was the great-granddaughter of the tyrant of Sicyon, Cleisthenes, and the niece of the Athenian reformer Cleisthenes. vor 1 Jahrzehnt. Pendant les quinze années où il est le principal dirigeant d'Athènes, il veut en faire la capitale. [76], Beyond these initial prosecutions, the ecclesia attacked Pericles himself by asking him to justify his ostensible profligacy with, and maladministration of, public money. [108] According to Plutarch, just before the sailing of the ships an eclipse of the sun frightened the crews, but Pericles used the astronomical knowledge he had acquired from Anaxagoras to calm them. He was implicated in a policy of making constant offerings and of launching huge architectural religious works not only on the Acropolis but also throughout Attica; and, furthermore, he was engaged in such activities at a time when city was introducing profound changes into its religious account of its origins—that is, autochthony—within a context of strained diplomatic relations. [166] According to Quintilian, Pericles would always prepare assiduously for his orations and, before going on the rostrum, he would always pray to the gods, so as not to utter any improper word. A common criticism is that Pericles was always a better politician and orator than strategist. [58] His stance was greeted with applause, and Thucydides was soundly, if unexpectedly, defeated. J.-C. où s'élaborent les fondements de la démocratie. [60], The final steps in the shift to empire may have been triggered by Athens' defeat in Egypt, which challenged the city's dominance in the Aegean and led to the revolt of several allies, such as Miletus and Erythrae. Périclès Group est un cabinet indépendant de sociétés de conseil, spécialisé dans les domaines de la Banque et de la Finance, de l’Assurance et de la Protection Sociale. The accusation was that Cimon betrayed his city by aiding Sparta. Hinzufügen war nicht erfolgreich. Es liegen 0 Rezensionen und 0 Bewertungen aus Deutschland vor, Entdecken Sie jetzt alle Amazon Prime-Vorteile. [34] In contrast, Donald Kagan asserts that the democratic measures Pericles put into effect provided the basis for an unassailable political strength. [61] Either because of a genuine fear for its safety after the defeat in Egypt and the revolts of the allies, or as a pretext to gain control of the League's finances, Athens transferred the treasury of the alliance from Delos to Athens in 454–453 BC. [13], His family's nobility and wealth allowed him to fully pursue his inclination toward education. Hatred and unpopularity at the moment have fallen to the lot of all who have aspired to rule others. Le Jardin de Périclès Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (French, 1796 - 1875) 12 × 17.3 cm (4 3/4 × 6 13/16 in.) Athènes o'clock. [27] His most controversial measure, however, was a law of 451 BC limiting Athenian citizenship to those of Athenian parentage on both sides.[28]. [100] Pericles also gave his compatriots some advice on their present affairs and reassured them that, if the enemy did not plunder his farms, he would offer his property to the city. [132], During the Peloponnesian War, Pericles initiated a defensive "grand strategy" whose aim was the exhaustion of the enemy and the preservation of the status quo. The remains of the dead were left in a tent for three days so that offerings could be made. Worsted in the war, the Milesians came to Athens to plead their case against the Samians. [109] In the summer of the same year an epidemic broke out and devastated the Athenians. [114] Pericles lived during the first two and a half years of the Peloponnesian War and, according to Thucydides, his death was a disaster for Athens, since his successors were inferior to him; they preferred to incite all the bad habits of the rabble and followed an unstable policy, endeavoring to be popular rather than useful. Devenu adulte, il s'entoure de penseurs et d'artistes. The Pericles 2020 pro… 1. Title. Enzo et Timaël vous expliquent le rôle de Périclès à Athènes [138], Critics of Pericles' strategy, however, have been just as numerous as its supporters. The campaign culminated in disaster; the besieging force was defeated and destroyed. The period during which he led Athens, roughly from 461 to 429 BC, is sometimes known as the "Age of Pericles", but the period thus denoted can include times as early as the Persian Wars or as late as the next century. These were relations of proximity in the first place: he was sometimes depicted as a protégé of goddess Athena, but in Attic comedies he was also assimilated to god Zeus, in an analogy that was in no way flattering. [90] The Athenians' justification was that the Megarians had cultivated the sacred land consecrated to Demeter and had given refuge to runaway slaves, a behavior which the Athenians considered to be impious. Sa vie Merci de m'avoir écouter. Filleul, M Edmond. [51] According to one of the decree's most stringent provisions, surplus from a minting operation was to go into a special fund, and anyone proposing to use it otherwise was subject to the death penalty. Rather, the admiration of the present and succeeding ages will be ours, since we have not left our power without witness, but have shown it by mighty proofs; and far from needing a Homer for our panegyrist, or other of his craft whose verses might charm for the moment only for the impression which they gave to melt at the touch of fact, we have forced every sea and land to be the highway of our daring, and everywhere, whether for evil or for good, have left imperishable monuments behind us. [119] His sister and both his legitimate sons, Xanthippus and Paralus, died during an epidemic of plague. Pericles (/ ˈ p ɛr ɪ k l iː z /; Attic Greek: Περικλῆς Periklēs, pronounced [pe.ri.klɛ̂ːs] in Classical Attic; c. 495 – 429 BC) was a prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens during its golden age, specifically the time between the Persian and the Peloponnesian Wars. The DG ECFIN can also initiate actions to complement Member States' initiatives. Januar 2015. [50] According to the historian Terry Buckley the objective of the Congress Decree was a new mandate for the Delian League and for the collection of "phoros" (taxes).[51]. [58], Pericles wanted to stabilize Athens' dominance over its alliance and to enforce its pre-eminence in Greece. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (, McConville, Michael. De | ISBN: 9782253108030 | Kostenloser Versand für alle Bücher mit Versand und Verkauf duch Amazon. During the Peloponnesian War, Pericles' dependence on popular support to govern was obvious.[34]. [168], To analyze Pericles's relations with gods, one has to position oneself at the intersection of the general and the particular, where what was personal and what was shared by the whole community came together. Cimon defeated the Persians in the Battle of Salamis-in-Cyprus, but died of disease in 449 BC. Ephialtes' murder in 461 BC paved the way for Pericles to consolidate his authority. avec l'accroc Paul. Title. He asserts that since Pericles must have known about these limitations he probably planned for a much shorter war. Prime-Mitglieder genießen Zugang zu schnellem und kostenlosem Versand, tausenden Filmen und Serienepisoden mit Prime Video und vielen weiteren exklusiven Vorteilen. Périclès navigates a stormy sea of pirates, magicians, brothels, kidnappers, tournaments, plots against his life… and divine intervention from the Goddess Diana. [146], In contrast, Platias and Koliopoulos reject these criticisms and state that "the Athenians lost the war only when they dramatically reversed the Periclean grand strategy that explicitly disdained further conquests". [33]), Cimon, in contrast, apparently believed that no further free space for democratic evolution existed. According to the provisions of the decree, Megarian merchants were excluded from the market of Athens and the ports in its empire. Périclès. [β] He was the son of the politician Xanthippus, who, though ostracized in 485–484 BC, returned to Athens to command the Athenian contingent in the Greek victory at Mycale just five years later. [1] Pericles turned the Delian League into an Athenian empire and led his countrymen during the first two years of the Peloponnesian War. Plutarch mentions other criticism of Pericles' leadership: "many others say that the people were first led on by him into allotments of public lands, festival-grants, and distributions of fees for public services, thereby falling into bad habits, and becoming luxurious and wanton under the influence of his public measures, instead of frugal and self-sufficing". [95] The terms were rejected by the Spartans, and with neither side willing to back down, the two cities prepared for war. [γ][9], According to Herodotus and Plutarch, Agariste dreamed, a few nights before Pericles' birth, that she had borne a lion. Siecle Athènes 5 siecle av.J.-C Naissance et Mort Périclès 2 Au cours de sa jeunesse, il aquiert de précieuse connaissance auprès des Anaxagore et Zenon d'Élée. [93] Pericles was not prepared to make unilateral concessions, believing that "if Athens conceded on that issue, then Sparta was sure to come up with further demands". Périclès: L'apogée d'Athènes (Histoire, 217), (Französisch) Taschenbuch – 1. [98], No definite record exists of how exactly Pericles managed to convince the residents of Attica to agree to move into the crowded urban areas. [θ] In any case, the city's plight, caused by the epidemic, triggered a new wave of public uproar, and Pericles was forced to defend himself in an emotional final speech, a rendition of which is presented by Thucydides. [46] Kagan believes that Pericles used Callias, a brother-in-law of Cimon, as a symbol of unity and employed him several times to negotiate important agreements. Retrouver régulièrement les nouveautés littéraire et actualités de votre librairie Périclès. [81] Thus, at the start of the Peloponnesian War, Athens found itself in the awkward position of entrusting its future to a leader whose pre-eminence had just been seriously shaken for the first time in over a decade. Wählen Sie die Kategorie aus, in der Sie suchen möchten. As a reelected strategos and a persuasive orator, Pericles was the spokesman of a civic religion that was undergoing a mutation. According to Aristotle, Aristodicus of Tanagra killed Ephialtes. Since 2015 applications by all EU Member States' competent authorities can be introduced to receive co-financing. [101], In any case, seeing the pillage of their farms, the Athenians were outraged, and they soon began to indirectly express their discontent towards their leader, who many of them considered to have drawn them into the war.